Volume 149

It is ethically impermissible to conduct continuous interventions on humans from birth to old age for the purpose of studying the long-term side effects of a new drug or the function of a gene. Animal models offer us a controllable and operable platform for studying complex metabolic processes in a complete life system, which is impossible to achieve in human research. This paper delves into the rationale, methodologies, and implications of using animal models to understand human metabolism. It explores the theoretical bases, presents experimental cases like the Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) mouse model, and assesses the value and limitations. By examining the biological similarity, controllability, and translational potential, this paper indicates that animal models are crucial tools; the causes for their uses are rooted in a combination of ethical necessity, biological similarity, and practical experimental advantages, but they cannot perfectly replicate the complex metabolism of humans. The insights gained can be used for future metabolism research, such as obesity and diabetes.

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Antibiotic residues and resistance have emerged as pervasive environmental pollutants because of extensive use in medicine, agriculture, and aquaculture. A review of recent literature reveals a lack of comprehensive analyses which integrate distribution characteristics, ecological risks, and the full spectrum of removal technologies across environmental matrices. This study synthesizes recent research on distribution patterns, ecological and public health risks, and removal technologies in relation to antibiotic residues and resistance. The results reveal significant ecological impacts: inhibiting microbial and primary producer activity, altering community structures, and reducing biodiversity, while potentially undermining the efficacy of antibiotics in medicine. Various technologies have been explored and implemented to remove antibiotic contaminants and mitigate antibiotic resistance in environmental matrices, each employing different mechanisms and exhibiting varying efficacy in eliminating antibiotics or antibiotic resistance genes. To combat antibiotic pollution effectively, integrated strategies under a One Health framework are essential.

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