Volume 115

The United Nations has deep roots in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, having evolved alongside its emergence and development. More than merely acting as an "external" mediator, it has become a key architect of the conflict's historical narrative, legal framework, and proposed two-state solution. This study examines its multifaceted challenges—including "power politics" (the U.S. routinely using veto power to protect Israel in the Security Council), "weak implementation of resolutions" (as seen with Resolution 242), and "bilateral confrontational stances"—all unfolding within this complex historical and institutional context. This study examines the United Nations’ mediation efforts in the prolonged Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a case-based analysis of its multiple challenges and response strategies. Utilizing case studies and textual analysis, it dissects relevant UN resolutions, declarations, and practical interventions. Key research questions include: Why has the UN struggled to effectively advance the Israeli-Palestinian peace process? What pathways could overcome these obstacles? The analysis unfolds in four parts: Part I traces the historical roots of the conflict, evaluates the UN's evolving role and challenges, and proposes solutions. This study concludes that the UN's difficulties stem from power politics, weak resolution enforcement, and opposing stances. Nevertheless, it remains indispensable by fostering international consensus, advancing the "two-state solution," and innovating peace mechanisms—serving as the cornerstone for achieving a just and lasting peace.

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ESG has now been established as a standard for evaluating whether a company is in a favorable state of development. However, ensuring the transparency of corporate ESG information remains a persistent challenge. In today's corporate ESG regulatory practices, the lack of unified mandatory standards coupled with lagging legal frameworks makes it extremely challenging to supervise corporate ESG information. In response to this, based on the mutual needs of corporations and stakeholders, this study integrates responsive regulation theory, agenda-Melding theory, and stakeholder theory to construct a theoretical framework: “public pressure from media exposure → formation of industry practices → judicial rulings citing these practices → development of statutory law.” This establishes a novel supervisory reinforcement mechanism grounded in media exposure. This study will call the above mechanism the “media disclosure mechanism” and apply it to explore new approaches for corporate ESG oversight, demonstrating its ultimate role in “hardening soft law.” However, the widespread popularization of this mechanism may simultaneously expose corporations to legal risks such as damaged reputation and interference of public opinion in the judicial process.

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As an important concept in contemporary education, inclusive education has received widespread attention worldwide. In recent years, China has gradually introduced the concept of inclusive education in policy promotion and educational practice, but there are still many shortcomings in the actual implementation process. This study investigates the idea of inclusive education as well as the advancements and advantages demonstrated in its implementation in China. At the same time, the primary obstacles to China's adoption of inclusive education are highlighted in this article: teachers still lack sufficient understanding and professional competence, making it difficult to effectively carry out differentiated instruction; the resource support system remains inadequate, with shortages in funding, teaching materials, and training; and the level of public awareness is limited, as the concept of inclusive education is not fully understood, making it difficult to build a supportive educational environment. Based on these findings, this article proposes enhancing teachers' professional capacity, strengthening policy guarantees and resource allocation, and raising public awareness to support China's inclusive education system's long-term growth.

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In recent decades, workplace diversity and inclusion (D&I) have been high on the agendas of policymakers and businesses, driven by social movements, globalization, and labor market changes. This paper discusses the effects of law on corporate diversity and inclusion management. It will particularly focus on labor law, anti-discrimination law, and disability rights law. The study aims to examine to what extent have D&I legislations helped to safeguard workers from discrimination and encourage employers to create inclusive workplaces. The study adopts a qualitative method through literature review, comparative legal review, and empirical evidence synthesis from existing research and reports regarding employment outcomes, earning gaps, and workplace accommodations across different jurisdictions. The current literature demonstrates that employment and anti-discrimination law have seen measurable advances, i.e., reduced wage gaps, increased employment for disadvantaged groups, and more prevalence of inclusive practices. At the same time, challenges such as hidden discrimination, enforcement difficulties and global variance continue to impede the complete fulfillment of legal rights. The study concludes that the law provides an important foundation for diversity management, but inclusive working in practice requires additional organisational and cultural efforts.

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“Cloud farming” is an emerging online farming model where owners remotely participate in raising animals or plants without direct contact. The commercialized “cloud farming economy” represents an innovative development of traditional agriculture leveraging internet technology, characterized by strong online attributes. This paper will conduct an in-depth study on the criminal regulation of online “cloud farming economy” activities. In recent years, many criminals have exploited the guise of agricultural innovation, breeding numerous crimes within the “cloud farming economy” sector. These activities exhibit characteristics such as conceptual hype and deviation from the inherent nature of the agricultural industry, involving issues related to illegal fundraising crimes. Challenges include disputes over factual determinations, debates over the legal characterization between the crimes of illegal absorption of public deposits and fundraising fraud, and complexities in identifying participants' legal statuses. To refine the criminal regulatory framework for online “cloud farming economy” activities, a criminal policy of “strict prevention, strict control, and strict suppression.” should be advocated. This involves enhancing the criminal classification system at the legislative level, strengthening regulations against behavioral patterns such as “promising high returns without genuine business support,” and promoting cross-departmental collaborative governance. Moving forward, further refinement of adjudication standards based on judicial practice is needed to enhance the effectiveness of criminal regulation in this domain.

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This paper examines Sino-Russian cooperation following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine War in 2022 using realist alliance theory as an analytical framework. It argues that the partnership is a pragmatic, crisis-driven alignment rather than a “quasi-alliance.” Three drivers explain the intensified cooperation: Russia’s strategic demand amid confrontation with the West, the mitigation of China’s fear of Russian “abandonment,” and structural openings from Russia’s weakened influence in Central Asia and the Arctic. These factors have expanded trade, joint military activities, and Chinese involvement in regional infrastructure projects. However, the paper also identifies significant constraints, particularly the growing asymmetry in economic dependence—Russia increasingly relies on China, but not vice versa—and the risk of China being entrapped in Russia’s geopolitical conflicts. Additionally, the warming Russia-North Korea relationship introduces a third-party variable that complicates China’s strategic calculations. Ultimately, the paper concludes that while the war has accelerated Sino-Russian cooperation, it has also reinforced structural imbalances and strategic limitations, making a formal alliance unlikely. The future trajectory of this partnership will depend on Russia’s post-war strength and China’s ability to balance alignment benefits with strategic risks.

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Live streaming platforms have become an important part of the digital entertainment economy, forming close connections with users through interactive functions and diversified monetization tools. However, the unique multi-account transaction chains, virtual gifts, and distributed reward mechanisms of live streaming platforms significantly increase the complexity of financial risk management, creating new compliance and regulatory challenges. This paper systematically reviews the potential types of financial risks associated with live streaming platforms, evaluates the applicability of existing detection methods, and compares regulatory models across different jurisdictions. The study finds that the real-time and micro-transaction characteristics of live streaming make the application of traditional anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks subject to delays and insufficient coverage. Taking China and Western countries as examples, China has implemented stricter measures in real-name authentication and platform responsibility systems, while Western jurisdictions mainly rely on financial institutions’ risk assessments and reporting mechanisms. This paper proposes an integrated risk management framework that combines behavioral analysis, network analysis, and cross-platform regulatory collaboration to enhance the monitoring of complex transaction structures. At the same time, it recommends that regulators adopt adaptive regulatory strategies to cope with the rapidly evolving compliance challenges in live streaming environments.

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As a product of the artificial intelligence era, deepfake is of landmark significance in fields such as entertainment and art. However, its alienation has simultaneously brought about negative consequences such as personal privacy violations, threats to political security, disruption of economic order, crises of social trust, etc. Studies have shown that with characteristics of high deceptiveness and low accessibility, deepfake technology is susceptible to exploitation by criminals for fraud, defamation, and the dissemination of obscene materials. Currently, China is facing challenges such as limitations in post-incident protection models, inappropriate criminalisation standards, inadequate safeguards for biometric information, etc., in regulating deepfake crimes. Based on overseas legislative experiences and China's existing legal framework, this paper proposes optimization pathways for addressing challenges in the criminal regulation of deepfakes, which include legislative suggestions such as establishing specific criminal charges, strengthening platform liability, and enhancing criminal law protection for personal biometric information, as well as comprehensive consideration of conviction and sentencing standards at the judicial level. The study concludes that deepfake technology should be viewed rationally and comprehensively. Effective governance can be achieved by refining regulatory frameworks to ensure the technology's reasonable application and prevent its uncontrolled misuse or distortion.

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This essay takes the 2025 miniseries L’arte della gioia (The Art of Joy) as its object of study, examining how it reconstructs the representation of female desire and bodily autonomy through narrative strategies, visual aesthetics, and symbolic imagery. The series, adapted from Goliarda Sapienza’s once—banned radical novel, follows the coming—of—age and resistance of its protagonist Modesta, while challenging the gendered power structures rooted in the “male gaze” of traditional cinema and television. Drawing on Laura Mulvey’s theory of the “male gaze,” Teresa de Lauretis’s concept of “gender as technology,” and Anneke Smelik’s discussions of feminist film aesthetics, this paper analyzes how the series employs cinematic language, spatial narration, and bodily imagery to liberate female desire from the frameworks of guilt and punishment, and to reconfigure it as an active, self—determined form of “innocent desire.” Through its reciprocal depictions of intimate relationships, its ethical handling of scenes of sexual violence, and its recurring use of symbolic elements such as the corset, the sea, and the image of Saint Agatha, the series constructs a trajectory of female development that moves from repression to liberation. This study argues that The Art of Joy is not only a historical drama but also a feminist visual practice, which, by rejecting the objectification and eroticization of the female body, endows desire with political significance and subjectivity, thereby opening new possibilities for female narratives on the contemporary screen.

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The Paris Agreement has played a landmark role in guiding global climate governance. Each nationally determined contribution mechanism represented a bargaining strategy in global climate negotiations, in which countries set appropriate emission reduction targets based on their own economic capacity, development needs, and international support. However, countries differed in their economic capacity and national interests, the agreement faced obstacles to implementation, and needed to be further refined to provide a flexible framework for implementing climate commitments and actions. This paper mainly explored how economic gap affected countries’ negotiating power, analyzed how economic power shaped the formulation of nationally determined contribution mechanisms from the perspective of multilateralism theory, and examined the impact of domestic political and economic pressures on different countries’ climate policies. It also evaluated why developed countries provided financial assistance to developing countries to push for global emission reduction commitments and promote effective global cooperation. Moreover, this paper discussed whether countries exited or renegotiated the agreement when faced with unmet goals, and how to avoid this happening. Finally, the research results showed that, although the economic gap prevents the achievement of goals, countries are more inclined to renegotiate rather than exit the agreement as an option. Through multilateral frameworks combined with financial and technical support, more countries can be encouraged to participate and make stronger commitments to climate action. This reflected the continuous importance of the Paris Agreement as a cooperation platform. Therefore, the flexibility of the framework had certain beneficial significance for maintaining international commitments and enhancing long-term mutual trust among countries.

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