A Review of Multimodal Imaging and Causal Intervention in Delayed Deposition Neurons
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A Review of Multimodal Imaging and Causal Intervention in Delayed Deposition Neurons

Chenhao Zhang 1*
1 No.22 High School in Shijiazhuang City
*Corresponding author: 2513799715@qq.com
Published on 28 October 2025
Journal Cover
TNS Vol.147
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-489-2
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-490-8
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Abstract

This paper reviews the neural mechanism of delayed discounting, aiming to sort out the decision-making laws of individuals in instant reward and delayed reward selection and their brain base. In particular, it explores the involvement of the prefrontal cortex and the septum nucleus in delayed discounting, the relationship between neural connectivity and decision-making preferences, as well as the possible effects of neurostimulation on behavior. Existing studies have leveraged behavioral modeling, brain function imaging, and causal intervention methods to quantify individual preferences using the hyperbolic discounting model and discounting rate, while combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to elucidate the functional connectivity and temporal dynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the septum nucleus in decision-making. At the same time, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is employed to investigate the effects of neural modulation on discounting rates. The results demonstrate that the prefrontal cortex promotes rational decision-making, while the septum nucleus boosts the immediate reward attractiveness, so the interaction between the two significantly affects the selection behavior. Besides, individuals with strong functional connections are more inclined to choose delayed rewards, and the EEG study reveals the timing characteristics of impulse and rational switching in decision-making. In addition, TMS interventions can modulate discounting rates, indicating that delayed discounting is amenable to change. However, most studies use college student samples and short intervention periods, highlighting the need for further research and improved behavioral interventions.

Keywords:

Delayed discounting, Neural mechanism, Brain function imaging, Causal intervention

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Zhang,C. (2025). A Review of Multimodal Imaging and Causal Intervention in Delayed Deposition Neurons. Theoretical and Natural Science,147,33-38.

References

[1]. Davidson, R. J. (2003). Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology, 40(5), 655-831.

[2]. Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2011). Addiction: A disease of compulsion and drive, not reward. American Journal of Psychiatry.

[3]. Green, L., Fristoe, N., & Myerson, J. (1994). Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(3), 383-389.

[4]. Harrison, W. G., Lau, I. M., & Rutström, E. E. (2010). Individual discount rates and smoking: Evidence from a field experiment in Denmark. Journal of Health Economics, 29(5), 708-717.

[5]. McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503–507.

[6]. Bezzina, G., Body, S., Cheung, T., et al. (2008). Effect of disconnecting the orbital prefrontal cortex from the nucleus accumbens core on inter-temporal choice behaviour: A quantitative analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 191(2), 272–279.

[7]. Güleken, Z., et al. (2022). The cognitive dynamics of sooner over later preferences.

[8]. Damasio, A. R. (2010). Autre moi-même (L’): Les nouvelles cartes du cerveau, de la conscience et des émotions.

[9]. Halpern, M. E., et al. (2016). TMS of prefrontal cortex reduces delay discounting in college students.

[10]. Shaikh, J. U., et al. (2024). Increasing striatal dopamine release through repeated bouts of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A 18F-desmethoxyfallypride positron emission tomography study. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1295151.

References

[1]. Davidson, R. J. (2003). Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology, 40(5), 655-831.

[2]. Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2011). Addiction: A disease of compulsion and drive, not reward. American Journal of Psychiatry.

[3]. Green, L., Fristoe, N., & Myerson, J. (1994). Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(3), 383-389.

[4]. Harrison, W. G., Lau, I. M., & Rutström, E. E. (2010). Individual discount rates and smoking: Evidence from a field experiment in Denmark. Journal of Health Economics, 29(5), 708-717.

[5]. McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503–507.

[6]. Bezzina, G., Body, S., Cheung, T., et al. (2008). Effect of disconnecting the orbital prefrontal cortex from the nucleus accumbens core on inter-temporal choice behaviour: A quantitative analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 191(2), 272–279.

[7]. Güleken, Z., et al. (2022). The cognitive dynamics of sooner over later preferences.

[8]. Damasio, A. R. (2010). Autre moi-même (L’): Les nouvelles cartes du cerveau, de la conscience et des émotions.

[9]. Halpern, M. E., et al. (2016). TMS of prefrontal cortex reduces delay discounting in college students.

[10]. Shaikh, J. U., et al. (2024). Increasing striatal dopamine release through repeated bouts of theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A 18F-desmethoxyfallypride positron emission tomography study. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1295151.

Cite this article

Zhang,C. (2025). A Review of Multimodal Imaging and Causal Intervention in Delayed Deposition Neurons. Theoretical and Natural Science,147,33-38.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of ICBioMed 2025 Symposium: AI for Healthcare: Advanced Medical Data Analytics and Smart Rehabilitation

ISBN: 978-1-80590-489-2(Print) / 978-1-80590-490-8(Online)
Editor: Alan Wang
Conference website: https://2025.icbiomed.org/auckland.html
Conference date: 17 October 2025
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.147
ISSN: 2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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