Volume 182

Polyethylene is the largest and most widely used plastic in the world, playing an irreplaceable role in many fields such as packaging, automotive, medical, and construction. This paper mainly describes the basic characteristics, production methods, and application scope of polyethylene. Firstly, analyze the physical and chemical properties, including mechanical properties, thermal properties, electrical properties, chemical corrosion resistance, etc. The sources of polyethylene raw materials and main production processes were explored, and the effects of different production processes and methods on the molecular structure and properties of polyethylene were analyzed; And the application of polyethylene in packaging, construction, medical and automotive fields has been studied and summarized. On this basis, the following conclusions were drawn through research: The ice template method significantly enhances the composite effect, and room temperature catalytic hydrogenation is the best for modifying the structure of PPS/bP blends. After adding bP, the shear rate increases at the same drop time, which can reduce the reaction temperature. The rheological curve shows a negative correlation between the two, indicating that bP promotes monomer polymerization and thus reduces the temperature. Extending the dripping time and increasing the shear rate synergistically reduce the reaction temperature and accelerate the polymerization of bP. The two-phase model can effectively describe the reaction mechanism of bP/PABS on PMSGF/PPS/BA, and the lattice effect of drilling and welding iron blocks can reduce the reaction position shift. The circumferential embedding of PABS in the needle belt forms an arched ring structure, optimizing the distribution of ferroalloy welding and improving welding accuracy.

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Among all photovoltaic technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a standout, combining record-breaking efficiency with the promise of low-cost, scalable manufacturing. However, the poor stability of perovskite materials remains a major obstacle to their commercialization. To address this challenge, researchers have shifted focus from traditional three-dimensional (3D) PSCs to the development of two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) hybrid structures, achieving remarkable progress. This review examines various strategies to improve stability, including constructing 2D/3D heterostructures, surface passivation, interface engineering, optimizing fabrication processes, and material design, with the aim of investigating the mechanisms underlying the enhanced stability of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) These methods effectively address issues such as ion migration, defect density, and environmental degradation. Key findings show that 2D/3D heterostructures and passivation layers significantly enhance device stability and efficiency, with some achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 25%. However, challenges remain in large-scale production and long-term stability under extreme conditions. Future research should focus on developing scalable fabrication techniques, optimizing material systems for durability, and further improving charge transport efficiency to advance the commercial viability of 2D/3D PSCs.

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