A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Novel Influenza Vaccine Platforms

Chuanyao Nie

doi:10.54254/2753-8818/2025.AU26011

Theoretical and Natural ScienceOpen access

A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Novel Influenza Vaccine Platforms

Research Article

Open Access

A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Novel Influenza Vaccine Platforms

Chuanyao Nie ^1*

¹ University of California

^*Corresponding author: cynie@ucdavis.edu

Published on 13 August 2025

TNS Vol.124

ISSN (Print): 2753-8826

ISSN (Online): 2753-8818

ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-271-3

ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-272-0

Download Cover

Abstract

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease with a high incidence and mutation rate, which continues to threaten public health. Although traditional vaccines have played an important role in influenza prevention and control, their protective effects are prone to fluctuations due to the drift of viral antigens. In recent years, the rise of new vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines has provided new ideas for the rapid update and broad-spectrum protection of influenza vaccines. However, there is currently a lack of systematic comparison and comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different vaccine platforms in influenza prevention and control. This article reviews the mechanism of action, application potential, experimental basis and practical challenges of inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, systematically sorts out the differences between various vaccines in inducing humoral immunity and cellular immunity, and analyzes their performance in antigen drift response, vaccine broad spectrum and adaptability. By comparison, it can be seen that the new vaccine platform has obvious advantages in broad spectrum and flexibility. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design and platform selection of future influenza vaccines, and also points out that there are still research gaps in the verification of immune persistence and fair accessibility of vaccines. In the future, we can further explore the multi-platform joint strategy and the development direction of broad-spectrum vaccines targeting conservative antigens.

Keywords:

Influenza vaccine, mRNA vaccine, Viral vector vaccine.

View PDF

References

[1]. Pardi, Norbert, et al. mRNA Vaccines — A New Era in Vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 17, no. 4 (2018): 261–279.

[2]. Dou, D., et al. Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 9 (2018): article 1581.

[3]. Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology. 6th ed., 2009. https: //www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781416049074/yen-and-jaffes-reproductive-endocrinology#book-info.

[4]. Mahalingam, Sundarasamy, et al. Landscape of Humoral Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19 Disease and the Value of Antibody Testing. Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 4 (2021).

[5]. Zost, S. J., et al. Contemporary H3N2 Influenza Viruses Have a Glycosylation Site That Alters Binding of Antibodies Elicited by Egg-Adapted Vaccine Strains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 47 (2017): 12578–12583.

[6]. Moderna Inc. Moderna Announces Phase 3 Trial Results for Quadrivalent Seasonal Flu mRNA Vaccine Candidate mRNA-1010. 2023. https: //investors.modernatx.com/news/news-details/2023/Moderna-Announces-Interim-Phase-3-Safety-and-Immunogenicity-Results-for-mRNA-1010-a-Seasonal-Influenza-Vaccine-Candidate/default.aspx.

[7]. de Vries, R. D., and G. F. Rimmelzwaan. Viral Vector-Based Influenza Vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, vol. 12, no. 11 (2016): 2881–2901.

[8]. Arunkumar, G. Asthagiri, et al. Vaccination with Viral Vectors Expressing NP, M1 and Chimeric Hemagglutinin Induces Broad Protection against Influenza Virus Challenge in Mice. Vaccine, vol. 37, no. 37 (2019): 5567–5577.

[9]. Antrobus, R. D., et al. Clinical Assessment of a Novel Recombinant Simian Adenovirus ChAdOx1 as a Vectored Vaccine Expressing Conserved Influenza A Antigens. Molecular Therapy, vol. 22, no. 3 (2014): 668–674.

References

[1]. Pardi, Norbert, et al. mRNA Vaccines — A New Era in Vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 17, no. 4 (2018): 261–279.

[2]. Dou, D., et al. Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 9 (2018): article 1581.

[3]. Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology. 6th ed., 2009. https: //www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781416049074/yen-and-jaffes-reproductive-endocrinology#book-info.

[4]. Mahalingam, Sundarasamy, et al. Landscape of Humoral Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19 Disease and the Value of Antibody Testing. Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 4 (2021).

[7]. de Vries, R. D., and G. F. Rimmelzwaan. Viral Vector-Based Influenza Vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, vol. 12, no. 11 (2016): 2881–2901.

Cite this article

Nie,C. (2025). A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Novel Influenza Vaccine Platforms. Theoretical and Natural Science,124,1-6.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of ICBioMed 2025 Symposium: AI for Healthcare: Advanced Medical Data Analytics and Smart Rehabilitation

ISBN: 978-1-80590-271-3(Print) / 978-1-80590-272-0(Online)

Editor: Alan Wang

Conference website: https://2025.icbiomed.org/auckland.html

Conference date: 17 October 2025

Series: Theoretical and Natural Science

Volume number: Vol.124

ISSN: 2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:

1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.

2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.

3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open access policy for details).