Research on Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies from a Multi-Mechanism Perspective
Research Article
Open Access
CC BY

Research on Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies from a Multi-Mechanism Perspective

Zixuan Zhang 1*
1 Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street SE Atlanta, GA, Atlanta, the United States
*Corresponding author: 1425346401@qq.com
Published on 20 July 2025
Volume Cover
TNS Vol.126
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-265-2
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-266-9
Download Cover

Abstract

The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains represents a critical threat to contemporary healthcare systems worldwide. This comprehensive analysis investigates the fundamental molecular pathways that enable bacterial resistance while examining innovative therapeutic alternatives to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Our systematic review encompasses key resistance phenomena including active drug efflux, molecular target alterations, enzymatic drug degradation, protective biofilm establishment, and genetic material exchange between species. We further assess novel therapeutic modalities encompassing advanced drug design, biotechnology-based interventions, and ecosystem-wide management strategies. Our findings underscore the necessity for integrated, multisectoral approaches informed by One Health principles to combat this escalating crisis. We particularly highlight the transformative potential of CRISPR-based technologies and nanomedicine platforms in reshaping future antimicrobial treatment paradigms.

Keywords:

bacterial resistance, innovative therapies, molecular mechanisms, multi-drug tolerance, gene editing systems

View PDF
Zhang,Z. (2025). Research on Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies from a Multi-Mechanism Perspective. Theoretical and Natural Science,126,70-76.

References

[1]. Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929; 10: 226-236.

[2]. World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

[3]. Belay WY, Getachew M, Tegegne BA, et al. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15: 1444781.

[4]. Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, et al. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015; 13: 42-51.

[5]. Du D, Wang-Kan X, Neuberger A, et al. Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018; 16: 523-539.

[6]. Sun S, Chen X. Mechanism-guided strategies for combating antibiotic resistance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024; 40: 295.

[7]. Lomovskaya O, Warren MS, Lee A, et al. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of multidrug resistance efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 105-116.

[8]. Zhang L, Ma H, Huang X, et al. Fast and efficient inactivation of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli by iron electrode-activated sodium peroxydisulfate in a galvanic cell. Chem Eng J. 2019; 355: 150-158.

[9]. Michael-Kordatou I, Iacovou M, Frontistis Z, et al. Erythromycin oxidation and ERY-resistant Escherichia coli inactivation in urban wastewater by sulfate radical-based oxidation process under UV-C irradiation. Water Res. 2015; 85: 346-358.

[10]. Brives C, Pourraz J. Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures. Palgrave Commun. 2020; 6: 100.

[11]. Makabenta JMV, Nabawy A, Li CH, et al. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19: 23-36.

[12]. Altamirano FLG, Kostoulias X, Subedi D, et al. Phage-antibiotic combination is a superior treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in a preclinical study. EBioMedicine. 2022; 80: 104045.

[13]. Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, et al. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature. 2015; 527: 323-328.

References

[1]. Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929; 10: 226-236.

[2]. World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

[3]. Belay WY, Getachew M, Tegegne BA, et al. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15: 1444781.

[4]. Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, et al. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015; 13: 42-51.

[5]. Du D, Wang-Kan X, Neuberger A, et al. Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018; 16: 523-539.

[6]. Sun S, Chen X. Mechanism-guided strategies for combating antibiotic resistance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024; 40: 295.

[7]. Lomovskaya O, Warren MS, Lee A, et al. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of multidrug resistance efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 105-116.

[8]. Zhang L, Ma H, Huang X, et al. Fast and efficient inactivation of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli by iron electrode-activated sodium peroxydisulfate in a galvanic cell. Chem Eng J. 2019; 355: 150-158.

[9]. Michael-Kordatou I, Iacovou M, Frontistis Z, et al. Erythromycin oxidation and ERY-resistant Escherichia coli inactivation in urban wastewater by sulfate radical-based oxidation process under UV-C irradiation. Water Res. 2015; 85: 346-358.

[10]. Brives C, Pourraz J. Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures. Palgrave Commun. 2020; 6: 100.

[11]. Makabenta JMV, Nabawy A, Li CH, et al. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19: 23-36.

[12]. Altamirano FLG, Kostoulias X, Subedi D, et al. Phage-antibiotic combination is a superior treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in a preclinical study. EBioMedicine. 2022; 80: 104045.

[13]. Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, et al. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature. 2015; 527: 323-328.

Cite this article

Zhang,Z. (2025). Research on Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies from a Multi-Mechanism Perspective. Theoretical and Natural Science,126,70-76.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of ICBioMed 2025 Symposium: AI for Healthcare: Advanced Medical Data Analytics and Smart Rehabilitation

ISBN: 978-1-80590-265-2(Print) / 978-1-80590-266-9(Online)
Editor: Alan Wang
Conference website: https://2025.icbiomed.org/auckland.html
Conference date: 17 October 2025
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.126
ISSN: 2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

© 2024 by the author(s). Licensee EWA Publishing, Oxford, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:

1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.

2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.

3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open access policy for details).

For authors
For editors
For reviewers

Cookies are used by this site.
Copyright © 2024 EWA Publishing, its licensors, and contributors. All rights reserved, including text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.