From Cosmic Dawn to Modern Universes: Multi-Messenger Observations in Galaxy Formation Studies
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From Cosmic Dawn to Modern Universes: Multi-Messenger Observations in Galaxy Formation Studies

Xinyu Li 1*
1 Beijing Xinfuxue International Academy
*Corresponding author: lixinyu_20080809@163.com
Published on 2 October 2025
Journal Cover
TNS Vol.143
ISSN (Print): 2753-8826
ISSN (Online): 2753-8818
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-407-6
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-408-3
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Abstract

This paper looks at thoughts on galactic creation and growth from cosmic dawn up till today and also how these thoughts changed multi-messenger astronomy. Multi - messenger astronomy uses observatories on Earth and in space observing every wave length, Gravitational waves, neutrinos, and cosmic rays give a better picture of what fields are driving the transition between galaxies on an astrophysical timeline. In this project it explains all the fields involved in how galaxies form, starting with the Cosmic DAWN phase -Dawn meaning the birth - where the first stars, first galaxies, and first supermassive black holes are formed. This paper speaks about what has been learned from observing high-redshifts through the help of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). population III stars, further early star-forming burst galaxies, and issues caused by of the early universe shall be considered. It is hopefully that this paper excites someone about those knowledge gaps, prompts some more research on them, and gives an enthusiastic introduction to the power of multi - messenger astronomy to answer some of big problems.

Keywords:

Galaxy formation, Cosmic Dawn, Multi-messenger astronomy, High-redshift surveys

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Li,X. (2025). From Cosmic Dawn to Modern Universes: Multi-Messenger Observations in Galaxy Formation Studies. Theoretical and Natural Science,143,17-23.

References

[1]. Barkana, R., & Loeb, A. (2001). In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe. Physics Reports, 349(2), 125-238.

[2]. Somerville, R. S., & Davé, R. (2015). Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 53, 51-113.

[3]. Bartos, I., & Kowalski, M. (2017). Multimessenger Astronomy. IOP Publishing.

[4]. Abbott, B. P., et al. (2017). Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger.  ApJL, 848, L12.

[5]. Fabian, A. C. (2012). Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback. ARA&A, 50, 455-489.

[6]. Robertson, B. E., Ellis, R. S., Dunlop, J. S., et al. (2010). Early Reionization by the First Galaxies? Nature, 468, 49-55.

[7]. Gardner, J. P., et al. (2006). The James Webb Space Telescope. Space Science Reviews, 123(4), 485-606.

[8]. Bromm, V., & Yoshida, N. (2011). The First Galaxies. ARA&A, 49, 373-407.

[9]. Madau, P., & Dickinson, M. (2014). Cosmic Star-Formation History. ARA&A, 52, 415-486.

[10]. Stark, D. P. (2016). Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs with JWST. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 54, 761-803.

[11]. Pillepich, A., et al. (2018). The IllustrisTNG simulations: public data release. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 475(1), 648-675.

[12]. Vitale, S., et al. (2019). The future of gravitational wave astronomy and the synergy with neutrino and electromagnetic observations. Nature Reviews Physics, 1(12), 707-716.

References

[1]. Barkana, R., & Loeb, A. (2001). In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe. Physics Reports, 349(2), 125-238.

[2]. Somerville, R. S., & Davé, R. (2015). Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 53, 51-113.

[3]. Bartos, I., & Kowalski, M. (2017). Multimessenger Astronomy. IOP Publishing.

[4]. Abbott, B. P., et al. (2017). Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger.  ApJL, 848, L12.

[5]. Fabian, A. C. (2012). Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback. ARA&A, 50, 455-489.

[6]. Robertson, B. E., Ellis, R. S., Dunlop, J. S., et al. (2010). Early Reionization by the First Galaxies? Nature, 468, 49-55.

[7]. Gardner, J. P., et al. (2006). The James Webb Space Telescope. Space Science Reviews, 123(4), 485-606.

[8]. Bromm, V., & Yoshida, N. (2011). The First Galaxies. ARA&A, 49, 373-407.

[9]. Madau, P., & Dickinson, M. (2014). Cosmic Star-Formation History. ARA&A, 52, 415-486.

[10]. Stark, D. P. (2016). Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs with JWST. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 54, 761-803.

[11]. Pillepich, A., et al. (2018). The IllustrisTNG simulations: public data release. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 475(1), 648-675.

[12]. Vitale, S., et al. (2019). The future of gravitational wave astronomy and the synergy with neutrino and electromagnetic observations. Nature Reviews Physics, 1(12), 707-716.

Cite this article

Li,X. (2025). From Cosmic Dawn to Modern Universes: Multi-Messenger Observations in Galaxy Formation Studies. Theoretical and Natural Science,143,17-23.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of CONF-CIAP 2026 Symposium: International Conference on Atomic Magnetometer and Applications

ISBN: 978-1-80590-407-6(Print) / 978-1-80590-408-3(Online)
Editor: Marwan Omar , Jixi Lu , Mao Ye
Conference website: https://2026.confciap.org/hangzhou.html
Conference date: 30 January 2026
Series: Theoretical and Natural Science
Volume number: Vol.143
ISSN: 2753-8818(Print) / 2753-8826(Online)

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