Research on Performance of Wind, PV, Thermal and Hydrogen Energy Storage Combined Power Grid System
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Research on Performance of Wind, PV, Thermal and Hydrogen Energy Storage Combined Power Grid System

Bowen Lyu 1* Zhengxi Li 2, Zixi Zhu 3, YangZheQi Li 4, Chengxuan Li 5
1 University of Edinburgh
2 Nanjing Institute of Technology
3 Beijing Jiaotong University
4 British International Academy
5 Tsinghua International School
*Corresponding author: lvbowen88@outlook.com
Published on 19 November 2025
Volume Cover
ACE Vol.208
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-547-9
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-548-6
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Abstract

With the continuous growth of world energy demand and the rapid development of energy storage technology, adding energy storage systems to power systems to improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy waste caused by sustainable energy volatility will be a common form in the future. Optimizing energy scheduling is the key to improving system efficiency and economy. This paper proposes a wind, PV, thermal and hydrogen energy storage combined power grid system based on hydrogen energy storage technology. By considering constraints such as system power balance, sustainable energy output power, and energy storage system operation balance, a mathematical model is established and solved with the minimum operating cost as the objective function. Finally, the load and sustainable energy potential data of each California region are used to verify the superiority of the system proposed in this paper.

Keywords:

Joint Grid System, Objective Function, Constraints, Hydrogen energy storage system, Model Optimization

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Lyu,B.;Li,Z.;Zhu,Z.;Li,Y.;Li,C. (2025). Research on Performance of Wind, PV, Thermal and Hydrogen Energy Storage Combined Power Grid System. Applied and Computational Engineering,208,54-68.

References

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[2]. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2022, IEA, Paris, 2022. [Online]. Available: https: //www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022?language=zh. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024]. License: CC BY 4.0 (report); CC BY NC SA 4.0 (Annex A).

[3]. L. Shu-hua, W. Jian-xue, L. Qing-tao, et al., "Optimization configuration of multi-energy complementary power station and its application in system power planning, " Power System Technology, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 3006-3015, 2021, doi: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2020.1427.

[4]. Z. Ding, H. Hou, G. Yu, E. Hu, L. Duan, and J. Zhao, ‘Performance analysis of a wind-PV hybrid power generation system’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 181, pp. 223–234, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.080.

[5]. S.-r. Ouyang, D.-j. Zhu, X.-y. Ning, H.-r. Dai, and H.-m. Mo, "Study on energy storage operation in a power system with high wind power penetration, " Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 10, p. 155, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.12677/JEE.2022.104017.

[6]. J.-h. Li, G.-h. Chen, T. Ma, et al., "Optimal peak shaving control strategy for flow battery energy storage system under high wind power penetration, " Power Generation Technology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 434-447, 2024.

[7]. J.-c. Guo, Y.-z. He, F. Guo, et al., "Study on the improvement of microgrid operation characteristics by battery energy storage system, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 35-40, 2015, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.006.

[8]. X. Xiao, H. Yang, and L.-y. Pei, "Benefit analysis of charging infrastructure based on multi-energy complementary mode of wind, photovoltaic, and energy storage, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 120-126, 2018, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2018.03.020.

[9]. Y. Zhang, P. E. Campana, A. Lundblad, and J. Yan, ‘Comparative study of hydrogen storage and battery storage in grid connected photovoltaic system: Storage sizing and rule-based operation’, Applied Energy, vol. 201, pp. 397–411, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.123.

[10]. M. Jiang and A.-w. Qumu, "Research on high-pressure hydrogen storage and transportation equipment and its risks, " Western Special Equipment, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7-13+41, 2023.

[11]. Z. Xie, Q. Jin, G. Su, and W. Lu, A Review of Hydrogen Storage and Transportation: Progresses and Challenges’, Energies, vol. 17, no. 16, Art. no. 16, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17164070.

[12]. Q. Hassan, A. Z. Sameen, H. M. Salman, M. Jaszczur, and A. K. Al-Jiboory, ‘Hydrogen energy future: Advancements in storage technologies and implications for sustainability’, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 72, p. 108404, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108404.

[13]. J. Li et al., ‘Small-Scale High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessels: A Review’, Materials, vol. 17, no. 3, Art. no. 3, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ma17030721.

[14]. X. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, et al., "PEM water electrolysis for hydrogen production: fundamentals, advances, and prospects, " Carbon Neutrality, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-38, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s43979-022-00022-8.

[15]. A.A. Al-Falahi, S. A. Al-Muharrami, A. S. Al-Hinai, and A. S. Al-Hinai, "A review of water electrolysis–based systems for hydrogen production using hybrid/PV/wind energy systems, " Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 23456–23469, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23323-y.

[16]. A.A. Al-Falahi, S. A. Al-Muharrami, A. S. Al-Hinai, and A. S. Al-Hinai, "Efficient PV-powered PEM electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production: an integrated approach, " Emergent Materials, vol. 7, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s42247-024-00697-y.

[17]. T. Jing, G. Chen, Z.-h. Wang, et al., "A review of wind-PV hybrid power generation coupled with hydrogen energy storage systems, " Electric Power, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2022.

[18]. Y.-k. Liu, "Integrated renewable energy manufacturing system of wind, PV, hydro, and hydrogen storage, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 9, no. S1, pp. 9-16, 2022, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.002.

[19]. C.-b. Xu and J.-g. Liu, "Application value, challenges, and prospects of hydrogen energy storage in China's new power system, " Engineering Sciences, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 89-99, 2022.

[20]. Availability and LCOE Analysis Considering Failure Rate and Downtime for Onshore Wind Turbines in Japan. Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024. [Online]. Available: https: //www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3528

[21]. J. Y. Ozato, G. Aquila, E. de Oliveira Pamplona, L. C. S. Rocha, and P. Rotella Junior, Offshore wind power generation: An economic analysis on the Brazilian coast from the stochastic LCOE, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 244, p. 106835, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106835.

[22]. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Hourly Electric Grid Monitor, " [Online]. Available: https: //www.e.gov/e/grid/index.php.

[23]. I. Staffell and S. Pfenninger, "Renewables.ninja, " [Online]. Available: https: //www.renewables.ninja/. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024].

[24]. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2022, " Aug. 2023. [Online]. Available: https: //www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024].

References

[1]. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), "Climate Change, " [Online]. Available: https: //eia-international.org/climate-change/. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024].

[2]. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2022, IEA, Paris, 2022. [Online]. Available: https: //www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022?language=zh. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024]. License: CC BY 4.0 (report); CC BY NC SA 4.0 (Annex A).

[3]. L. Shu-hua, W. Jian-xue, L. Qing-tao, et al., "Optimization configuration of multi-energy complementary power station and its application in system power planning, " Power System Technology, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 3006-3015, 2021, doi: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2020.1427.

[4]. Z. Ding, H. Hou, G. Yu, E. Hu, L. Duan, and J. Zhao, ‘Performance analysis of a wind-PV hybrid power generation system’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 181, pp. 223–234, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.080.

[5]. S.-r. Ouyang, D.-j. Zhu, X.-y. Ning, H.-r. Dai, and H.-m. Mo, "Study on energy storage operation in a power system with high wind power penetration, " Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 10, p. 155, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.12677/JEE.2022.104017.

[6]. J.-h. Li, G.-h. Chen, T. Ma, et al., "Optimal peak shaving control strategy for flow battery energy storage system under high wind power penetration, " Power Generation Technology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 434-447, 2024.

[7]. J.-c. Guo, Y.-z. He, F. Guo, et al., "Study on the improvement of microgrid operation characteristics by battery energy storage system, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 35-40, 2015, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.006.

[8]. X. Xiao, H. Yang, and L.-y. Pei, "Benefit analysis of charging infrastructure based on multi-energy complementary mode of wind, photovoltaic, and energy storage, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 120-126, 2018, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2018.03.020.

[9]. Y. Zhang, P. E. Campana, A. Lundblad, and J. Yan, ‘Comparative study of hydrogen storage and battery storage in grid connected photovoltaic system: Storage sizing and rule-based operation’, Applied Energy, vol. 201, pp. 397–411, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.123.

[10]. M. Jiang and A.-w. Qumu, "Research on high-pressure hydrogen storage and transportation equipment and its risks, " Western Special Equipment, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7-13+41, 2023.

[11]. Z. Xie, Q. Jin, G. Su, and W. Lu, A Review of Hydrogen Storage and Transportation: Progresses and Challenges’, Energies, vol. 17, no. 16, Art. no. 16, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17164070.

[12]. Q. Hassan, A. Z. Sameen, H. M. Salman, M. Jaszczur, and A. K. Al-Jiboory, ‘Hydrogen energy future: Advancements in storage technologies and implications for sustainability’, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 72, p. 108404, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108404.

[13]. J. Li et al., ‘Small-Scale High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessels: A Review’, Materials, vol. 17, no. 3, Art. no. 3, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ma17030721.

[14]. X. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, et al., "PEM water electrolysis for hydrogen production: fundamentals, advances, and prospects, " Carbon Neutrality, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-38, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s43979-022-00022-8.

[15]. A.A. Al-Falahi, S. A. Al-Muharrami, A. S. Al-Hinai, and A. S. Al-Hinai, "A review of water electrolysis–based systems for hydrogen production using hybrid/PV/wind energy systems, " Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 23456–23469, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23323-y.

[16]. A.A. Al-Falahi, S. A. Al-Muharrami, A. S. Al-Hinai, and A. S. Al-Hinai, "Efficient PV-powered PEM electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production: an integrated approach, " Emergent Materials, vol. 7, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s42247-024-00697-y.

[17]. T. Jing, G. Chen, Z.-h. Wang, et al., "A review of wind-PV hybrid power generation coupled with hydrogen energy storage systems, " Electric Power, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2022.

[18]. Y.-k. Liu, "Integrated renewable energy manufacturing system of wind, PV, hydro, and hydrogen storage, " Southern Energy Construction, vol. 9, no. S1, pp. 9-16, 2022, doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.002.

[19]. C.-b. Xu and J.-g. Liu, "Application value, challenges, and prospects of hydrogen energy storage in China's new power system, " Engineering Sciences, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 89-99, 2022.

[20]. Availability and LCOE Analysis Considering Failure Rate and Downtime for Onshore Wind Turbines in Japan. Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024. [Online]. Available: https: //www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3528

[21]. J. Y. Ozato, G. Aquila, E. de Oliveira Pamplona, L. C. S. Rocha, and P. Rotella Junior, Offshore wind power generation: An economic analysis on the Brazilian coast from the stochastic LCOE, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 244, p. 106835, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106835.

[22]. U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Hourly Electric Grid Monitor, " [Online]. Available: https: //www.e.gov/e/grid/index.php.

[23]. I. Staffell and S. Pfenninger, "Renewables.ninja, " [Online]. Available: https: //www.renewables.ninja/. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024].

[24]. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2022, " Aug. 2023. [Online]. Available: https: //www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022. [Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024].

Cite this article

Lyu,B.;Li,Z.;Zhu,Z.;Li,Y.;Li,C. (2025). Research on Performance of Wind, PV, Thermal and Hydrogen Energy Storage Combined Power Grid System. Applied and Computational Engineering,208,54-68.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Engineering

ISBN: 978-1-80590-547-9(Print) / 978-1-80590-548-6(Online)
Editor: Ömer Burak İSTANBULLU
Conference website: https://2025.confmcee.org/
Conference date: 12 January 2026
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.208
ISSN: 2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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