Review on the Application of New Energy Power in Container Ships: Technical Status and Future Prospects of Hydrogen Power Systems

Abstract

Currently, solar and wind energy can only be served as auxiliary propulsion in container ships, which are difficult to replace the main propulsion. Thus, hydrogen power systems have become one of the key directions for zero-carbon shipping, depending on their zero-carbon potential and efficiency advantages. This paper focuses on the application of hydrogen power systems in container ships, specifically examining their technical principles and hydrogen storage methods. It analyzes challenges including constraints on hydrogen storage volume and weight, insufficient salt spray resistance and durability of PEMFC, complex system integration, lagging regulations, and high costs. Additionally, it summarizes the rules of technical application by integrating industry demonstration practices. Due to green hydrogen production, the full-chain low-carbon benefits of these systems and their compatibility with IMO regulations are significant. However, key issues such as the optimization of hydrogen storage technology and the improvement of fuel cell environmental adaptability remain to be addressed. Based on industrial planning forecasts, it is highly likely that the commercialization of hydrogen energy in inland and coastal short-to-medium-distance container ships will be realized within the next decade, while ocean-going ships will require major breakthroughs in areas such as hydrogen storage energy density. This paper can provide references for clarifying the R&D direction of hydrogen-powered ship technologies, constructing policy support systems, and promoting industrial chain collaboration. They will help the shipping industry align with IMO emission reduction targets and advance zero-carbon shipping from the demonstration stage to large-scale commercial application.