Energy Management and Power Distribution in Hybrid Vehicles
Research Article
Open Access
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Energy Management and Power Distribution in Hybrid Vehicles

Jiawei Yu 1*
1 Guangzhou Maritime University
*Corresponding author: yu3815622@gmail.com
Published on 28 October 2025
Journal Cover
ACE Vol.200
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-491-5
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-492-2
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Abstract

As new energy technologies continue to evolve, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have emerged as a key transitional choice from gasoline-powered vehicles to new energy vehicles, owing to their extended driving range and environmental benefits. This paper systematically summarizes the structure principles of HEV and outlines three currently mainstream energy management strategies, including those based on deterministic and fuzzy control rules, those based on global and instantaneous optimization, and those based on reinforcement learning and deep learning methods. Additionally, this article also compared the performance characteristics of the three system architectures: series, parallel, and hybrid configuration. Through combined simulation studies, this paper explores the fuel economy and system stability under different strategies. Finally, in response to the challenges in complex operating conditions, this paper points out that intelligent and data-driven approaches will play a crucial role in future energy management. This research provides a theoretical foundation and practical insights for the development of more efficient and intelligent energy management systems in hybrid electric vehicles.

Keywords:

Hybrid Vehicle, Energy Management, Power Distribution, Power System architecture, Intelligent Control

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Yu,J. (2025). Energy Management and Power Distribution in Hybrid Vehicles. Applied and Computational Engineering,200,33-40.

References

[1]. Wang Weida, Tang Xiaolin, Dong Peng, et al. (2025) Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Vehicle Hybrid Power Technology [J]. Science and Technology Outlook, 4(2): 33-45.

[2]. Fu Kuan, Gu Wenjie. (2023) A Brief Discussion on the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies from Different Perspectives [J]. Times Auto, 2023(8): 17-19.

[3]. Tang X, Chen J, Qin Y, et al. (2024) Reinforcement learning-based energy management for hybrid power systems: state-of-the-art survey, review, and perspectives [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 37(1): 43.

[4]. Wang Conghe. (2025) Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of Hybrid Power Systems [J]. China Automotive (Chinese-English Edition).

[5]. Ehsani M , Singh K V , Bansal H O , et al. (2021) State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J].Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(6): 967-984.

[6]. Wang F, Hong Y, Zhao X. (2025) Research and Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Review [J]. Energies, 18(11): 2873.

[7]. Yang Nianjiong, Ran Da, Shi Shengwen. (2023) Research on Rule-Based Optimization of Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J]. Journal of China Construction Machinery, 21(3): 227-230.

[8]. Yao Yongqi, Zhou Yingyu. (2023) Overview of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Rule-Based Policies [J]. Times Auto, 2023(5): 10-12.

[9]. Li D , Xu B , Tian J , et al. (2020) Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic [J].Processes, 8(8): 882.

[10]. Azim Mohseni N , Bayati N , Ebel T (2024) Energy management strategies of hybrid electric vehicles: A comparative review [J].IET Smart Grid, 7(3).

[11]. Cao Y , Yao M , Sun X .An (2023) Overview of Modelling and Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J].Applied Sciences (2076-3417), 13(10).

[12]. Panday A, Bansal H O. (2014) A review of optimal energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicle [J]. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 2014(1): 160510.

[13]. Guo Z, Guo J, Chu L, et al. (2022) A hierarchical energy management strategy for 4WD plug-in hybrid electric vehicles [J]. Machines, 10(10): 947.

[14]. Xi J, Ma J, Wang T, et al. (2023) Research on energy management strategy of a hybrid commercial vehicle based on deep reinforcement learning [J]. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 14(10): 294.

[15]. Guo L, Li Z, Outbib R. (2021) Reinforcement learning based energy management for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles [C]//IECON 2021–47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2021: 1-6.

[16]. Udeogu C U, Lim W. (2022) Improved deep learning-based energy management strategy for battery-supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicle with adaptive velocity prediction [J]. IEEE Access, 10: 133789-133802.

[17]. Bilgin T, İzgü S, Yalçin A K, et al. (2024) Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Deep Reinforcement Learning [C]//2024 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE). IEEE, 270-274.

[18]. Zhang Xiaobo, Liu Qin, Hu Yang, et al. (2025) Design and Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains [J]. Internal Combustion Engines and Accessories, 2025(2): 15-17.

[19]. Anton B, Florescu A. (2020) Design and development of series-hybrid automotive powertrains [J]. IEEE Access, 8: 226026-226041.

[20]. Qiang P, Wu P, Pan T, et al. (2021) Real-time approximate equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on the single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain [J]. Energies, 14(23): 7919.

[21]. Zhu Z, Li C, Tian Y, et al. (2020) Parametric matching and simulation analysis of the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle [C]//2020 IEEE 5th information technology and mechatronics engineering conference (ITOEC). IEEE, 325-329.

[22]. Lei J, Luo W, Huang D, et al. (2022) Dual Fuzzy Energy Control Study of Automotive Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System with Three Energy Sources [J]. Machines, 10(10): 880.

[23]. He Y, Miao C, Wu J, et al. (2021) Research on the power distribution method for hybrid power system in the fuel cell vehicle [J]. Energies, 14(3): 734.

References

[1]. Wang Weida, Tang Xiaolin, Dong Peng, et al. (2025) Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Vehicle Hybrid Power Technology [J]. Science and Technology Outlook, 4(2): 33-45.

[2]. Fu Kuan, Gu Wenjie. (2023) A Brief Discussion on the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies from Different Perspectives [J]. Times Auto, 2023(8): 17-19.

[3]. Tang X, Chen J, Qin Y, et al. (2024) Reinforcement learning-based energy management for hybrid power systems: state-of-the-art survey, review, and perspectives [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 37(1): 43.

[4]. Wang Conghe. (2025) Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of Hybrid Power Systems [J]. China Automotive (Chinese-English Edition).

[5]. Ehsani M , Singh K V , Bansal H O , et al. (2021) State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J].Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(6): 967-984.

[6]. Wang F, Hong Y, Zhao X. (2025) Research and Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Review [J]. Energies, 18(11): 2873.

[7]. Yang Nianjiong, Ran Da, Shi Shengwen. (2023) Research on Rule-Based Optimization of Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J]. Journal of China Construction Machinery, 21(3): 227-230.

[8]. Yao Yongqi, Zhou Yingyu. (2023) Overview of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Rule-Based Policies [J]. Times Auto, 2023(5): 10-12.

[9]. Li D , Xu B , Tian J , et al. (2020) Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic [J].Processes, 8(8): 882.

[10]. Azim Mohseni N , Bayati N , Ebel T (2024) Energy management strategies of hybrid electric vehicles: A comparative review [J].IET Smart Grid, 7(3).

[11]. Cao Y , Yao M , Sun X .An (2023) Overview of Modelling and Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles [J].Applied Sciences (2076-3417), 13(10).

[12]. Panday A, Bansal H O. (2014) A review of optimal energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicle [J]. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 2014(1): 160510.

[13]. Guo Z, Guo J, Chu L, et al. (2022) A hierarchical energy management strategy for 4WD plug-in hybrid electric vehicles [J]. Machines, 10(10): 947.

[14]. Xi J, Ma J, Wang T, et al. (2023) Research on energy management strategy of a hybrid commercial vehicle based on deep reinforcement learning [J]. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 14(10): 294.

[15]. Guo L, Li Z, Outbib R. (2021) Reinforcement learning based energy management for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles [C]//IECON 2021–47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2021: 1-6.

[16]. Udeogu C U, Lim W. (2022) Improved deep learning-based energy management strategy for battery-supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicle with adaptive velocity prediction [J]. IEEE Access, 10: 133789-133802.

[17]. Bilgin T, İzgü S, Yalçin A K, et al. (2024) Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Deep Reinforcement Learning [C]//2024 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE). IEEE, 270-274.

[18]. Zhang Xiaobo, Liu Qin, Hu Yang, et al. (2025) Design and Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains [J]. Internal Combustion Engines and Accessories, 2025(2): 15-17.

[19]. Anton B, Florescu A. (2020) Design and development of series-hybrid automotive powertrains [J]. IEEE Access, 8: 226026-226041.

[20]. Qiang P, Wu P, Pan T, et al. (2021) Real-time approximate equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on the single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain [J]. Energies, 14(23): 7919.

[21]. Zhu Z, Li C, Tian Y, et al. (2020) Parametric matching and simulation analysis of the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle [C]//2020 IEEE 5th information technology and mechatronics engineering conference (ITOEC). IEEE, 325-329.

[22]. Lei J, Luo W, Huang D, et al. (2022) Dual Fuzzy Energy Control Study of Automotive Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System with Three Energy Sources [J]. Machines, 10(10): 880.

[23]. He Y, Miao C, Wu J, et al. (2021) Research on the power distribution method for hybrid power system in the fuel cell vehicle [J]. Energies, 14(3): 734.

Cite this article

Yu,J. (2025). Energy Management and Power Distribution in Hybrid Vehicles. Applied and Computational Engineering,200,33-40.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of CONF-MCEE 2026 Symposium: Advances in Sustainable Aviation and Aerospace Vehicle Automation

ISBN: 978-1-80590-491-5(Print) / 978-1-80590-492-2(Online)
Editor: Ömer Burak İSTANBULLU
Conference website: https://2025.confmcee.org/kayseri.html
Conference date: 14 November 2025
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.200
ISSN: 2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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