Systematic Analysis and Comparison of Fuel Vehicles, Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles: A Take on the Suspension System
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Systematic Analysis and Comparison of Fuel Vehicles, Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles: A Take on the Suspension System

Yijing Wang 1*
1 High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China
*Corresponding author: 2022926409@qq.com
Published on 2 October 2025
Journal Cover
ACE Vol.187
ISSN (Print): 2755-273X
ISSN (Online): 2755-2721
ISBN (Print): 978-1-80590-393-2
ISBN (Online): 978-1-80590-394-9
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Abstract

Due to the issue of environmental pollution and the development of transportation, countries around the world have vigorously advocated new energy vehicles in recent years, such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles[1]. However, traditional fuel vehicles, electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles have different advantages and disadvantages[2], and there is a lack of objective and accurate comparison of the three types of vehicles. When buying cars, consumers are hard to decide which type of cars they should buy since they don’t know the specific difference between them.Therefore, this paper first starts with the driving device and operation principle, and then compares the driving range, cost and environmental impact, aiming to let readers intuitively understand the differences between the three models. By referring to a large number of relevant literature, and collecting the endurance mileage and other data, this paper makes a comparative analysis, and at the same time makes a prediction analysis of the cost. The research results are as follows: due to the difference in the basic drive device, the three models have different ranking order from high to low in three aspects. For the endurance mileage, the three models are ranked from highest to lowest: hybrid, fuel, electric; In terms of cost, the order is: hybrid, electric, fuel, electric vehicles are expected to be cheaper than fuel in the next decade; For environmental impact, the order of carbon emissions from most to least is: fuel, hybrid, electric. Therefore, combining the three factors and the future direction of automobile development, consumers buy electric vehicles most cost-effective.

Keywords:

transportation, fuel vehicles, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, environment

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Wang,Y. (2025). Systematic Analysis and Comparison of Fuel Vehicles, Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles: A Take on the Suspension System. Applied and Computational Engineering,187,35-45.

References

[1]. Zhao J. The technological innovation of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles for environment carbon pollution control. Environmental Impact Assessment Review [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1; 86(0195-9255): 106506. Available from: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925520307848.

[2]. Bo XQ, Liu LY, Chen H. Current status and problems in the development of traditional energy vehicles and new energy vehicles. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information. 2015; (32): 56. Chinese.

[3]. Fan ZD. A comprehensive review of the development status of electric vehicles at home and abroad. Automobile Maintenance. 2018(6): 2–3. Chinese.

[4]. Du S. Pure electric or hybrid: which is the mainstream choice for the future development of China's automobile market? Fashion Beijing. 2024(7): 116–7. Chinese.

[5]. Li G. Where will the competition between fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles go? Workers' Daily. 2024 May 6; Chinese.

[6]. Dai XY, Yuan XY, Hu YC. Comparative analysis of fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles. Automobile Maintenance and Care. 2024(6): 96–8. Chinese.

[7]. Dahham RY, Wei H, Pan J. Improving Thermal Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. Energies [Internet]. 2022 Aug 26; 15(17): 6222. Available from: https: //www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6222

[8]. Hong JC, Zhang TZ, Zhang J, Hao YJ. The Comparative Analysis of Structure and Energy Consumption between Electric Cars and Traditional Fuel Cars. Advanced Materials Research. 2014b Sep; 1030-1032: 2301–6.

[9]. Cai W, Wu X, Zhou M, Liang Y, Wang Y. Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles. Automotive Innovation. 2021 Feb 25; 4.

[10]. Wang JD, Xu K, Li YJ. Research status of thermal management systems for hybrid vehicles. Times Automobile. 2024(14): 16–8. Chinese.

[11]. Zhou XF. Fundamentals of electric vehicle maintenance: structure of hybrid and pure electric vehicles. Automobile Maintenance and Care. 2024(1): 57–8. Chinese.

[12]. Gu CJ. Discussion on the application of hybrid technology in new energy vehicles. Times Automobile. 2023(6): 99–101. Chinese.

[13]. Pielecha I, Cieslik W, Szwajca F. Energy Flow and Electric Drive Mode Efficiency Evaluation of Different Generations of Hybrid Vehicles under Diversified Urban Traffic Conditions. Energies (19961073) [Internet]. 2023 Jan 15 [cited 2023 Oct 25]; 16(2): 794. Available from: https: //eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=15& sid=2a41c863-7841-4fb5-a543-a213b40e7b55%40redis& bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=161434862& db=a9h.

[14]. Verma S, Mishra S, Gaur A, Chowdhury S, Mohapatra S, Dwivedi G, et al. A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1; 8(5): 621–37. Available from: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095756421000842.

[15]. Andrzej Ziółkowski, Paweł Fuć, Jagielski A, Bednarek M, Konieczka S. Comparison of the Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles, as Well as Electric Vehicles Fitted with a Range Extender. Energies. 2023 Jun 12; 16(12): 4669–9.

[16]. Wu T, Han X, Zheng MM, Ou X, Sun H, Zhang X. Impact factors of the real-world fuel consumption rate of light duty vehicles in China. Energy. 2020 Jan; 190: 116388.

[17]. Claimed four to five hundred kilometers, actually two to three hundred kilometers, when will the driving range of new energy vehicles no longer be "seeing flowers in the fog"? Xinhua News Agency [Internet]. 2022. Available from: http: //www.news.cn/fortune/2022-03/16/c_1128476049.htm. Chinese.

[18]. Analysis of standard driving range testing and estimation methods for new energy vehicles. Auto-testing.net [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 5]. Available from: https: //www.auto-testing.net/news/show-121342.html. Chinese.

[19]. Wang J. Research analysis and optimization of electric vehicle driving range. Practical Automotive Technology. 2022; 47(23): 12–8. Chinese.

[20]. Brtka E, Jotanovic G, Stjepanovic A, Jausevac G, Kosovac A, Cvitić I, et al. Model of Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Two Energy Sources. Electronics. 2022 Jun 25; 11(13): 1993.

[21]. Xu M, Zhang YJ. Progress in powertrain technology for hybrid vehicles in China. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy. 2024; 15(3): 269–94. Chinese.

[22]. Mamala J, Graba M, Bieniek A, Prażnowski K, Augustynowicz A, Śmieja M. Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability. 2021 Aug 31; 23(4): 636–45.

[23]. Offer GJ, Howey D, Contestabile M, Clague R, Brandon NP. Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system. Energy Policy. 2010 Jan; 38(1): 24–9.

[24]. Pu GY. New energy vehicle subsidy policy, demand substitution and industrial development [dissertation]. Dongbei University of Finance and Economics; 2023. Chinese.

[25]. Lutsey N, Cui H, Yu R. Evaluating electric vehicle costs and benefits in China in the 2020–2035 time frame [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https: //theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EV-costs-benefits-china-EN-apr2021.pdf

[26]. Liu YQ. Comparative study on life cycle costs of household new energy vehicles and fuel vehicles [dissertation]. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology; 2023. Chinese.

[27]. Feng Y. Research report on China's automotive low-carbon action plan (2021). Beijing: China Machine Press: Transportation; 2021. Chinese.

[28]. Mei XD. Comparative study on environmental impacts of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles [dissertation]. Tianjin University of Science and Technology; 2022 Jun. Chinese.

References

[1]. Zhao J. The technological innovation of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles for environment carbon pollution control. Environmental Impact Assessment Review [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1; 86(0195-9255): 106506. Available from: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925520307848.

[2]. Bo XQ, Liu LY, Chen H. Current status and problems in the development of traditional energy vehicles and new energy vehicles. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information. 2015; (32): 56. Chinese.

[3]. Fan ZD. A comprehensive review of the development status of electric vehicles at home and abroad. Automobile Maintenance. 2018(6): 2–3. Chinese.

[4]. Du S. Pure electric or hybrid: which is the mainstream choice for the future development of China's automobile market? Fashion Beijing. 2024(7): 116–7. Chinese.

[5]. Li G. Where will the competition between fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles go? Workers' Daily. 2024 May 6; Chinese.

[6]. Dai XY, Yuan XY, Hu YC. Comparative analysis of fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles. Automobile Maintenance and Care. 2024(6): 96–8. Chinese.

[7]. Dahham RY, Wei H, Pan J. Improving Thermal Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. Energies [Internet]. 2022 Aug 26; 15(17): 6222. Available from: https: //www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6222

[8]. Hong JC, Zhang TZ, Zhang J, Hao YJ. The Comparative Analysis of Structure and Energy Consumption between Electric Cars and Traditional Fuel Cars. Advanced Materials Research. 2014b Sep; 1030-1032: 2301–6.

[9]. Cai W, Wu X, Zhou M, Liang Y, Wang Y. Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles. Automotive Innovation. 2021 Feb 25; 4.

[10]. Wang JD, Xu K, Li YJ. Research status of thermal management systems for hybrid vehicles. Times Automobile. 2024(14): 16–8. Chinese.

[11]. Zhou XF. Fundamentals of electric vehicle maintenance: structure of hybrid and pure electric vehicles. Automobile Maintenance and Care. 2024(1): 57–8. Chinese.

[12]. Gu CJ. Discussion on the application of hybrid technology in new energy vehicles. Times Automobile. 2023(6): 99–101. Chinese.

[13]. Pielecha I, Cieslik W, Szwajca F. Energy Flow and Electric Drive Mode Efficiency Evaluation of Different Generations of Hybrid Vehicles under Diversified Urban Traffic Conditions. Energies (19961073) [Internet]. 2023 Jan 15 [cited 2023 Oct 25]; 16(2): 794. Available from: https: //eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=15& sid=2a41c863-7841-4fb5-a543-a213b40e7b55%40redis& bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=161434862& db=a9h.

[14]. Verma S, Mishra S, Gaur A, Chowdhury S, Mohapatra S, Dwivedi G, et al. A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1; 8(5): 621–37. Available from: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095756421000842.

[15]. Andrzej Ziółkowski, Paweł Fuć, Jagielski A, Bednarek M, Konieczka S. Comparison of the Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles, as Well as Electric Vehicles Fitted with a Range Extender. Energies. 2023 Jun 12; 16(12): 4669–9.

[16]. Wu T, Han X, Zheng MM, Ou X, Sun H, Zhang X. Impact factors of the real-world fuel consumption rate of light duty vehicles in China. Energy. 2020 Jan; 190: 116388.

[17]. Claimed four to five hundred kilometers, actually two to three hundred kilometers, when will the driving range of new energy vehicles no longer be "seeing flowers in the fog"? Xinhua News Agency [Internet]. 2022. Available from: http: //www.news.cn/fortune/2022-03/16/c_1128476049.htm. Chinese.

[18]. Analysis of standard driving range testing and estimation methods for new energy vehicles. Auto-testing.net [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 5]. Available from: https: //www.auto-testing.net/news/show-121342.html. Chinese.

[19]. Wang J. Research analysis and optimization of electric vehicle driving range. Practical Automotive Technology. 2022; 47(23): 12–8. Chinese.

[20]. Brtka E, Jotanovic G, Stjepanovic A, Jausevac G, Kosovac A, Cvitić I, et al. Model of Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Two Energy Sources. Electronics. 2022 Jun 25; 11(13): 1993.

[21]. Xu M, Zhang YJ. Progress in powertrain technology for hybrid vehicles in China. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy. 2024; 15(3): 269–94. Chinese.

[22]. Mamala J, Graba M, Bieniek A, Prażnowski K, Augustynowicz A, Śmieja M. Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability. 2021 Aug 31; 23(4): 636–45.

[23]. Offer GJ, Howey D, Contestabile M, Clague R, Brandon NP. Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system. Energy Policy. 2010 Jan; 38(1): 24–9.

[24]. Pu GY. New energy vehicle subsidy policy, demand substitution and industrial development [dissertation]. Dongbei University of Finance and Economics; 2023. Chinese.

[25]. Lutsey N, Cui H, Yu R. Evaluating electric vehicle costs and benefits in China in the 2020–2035 time frame [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https: //theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EV-costs-benefits-china-EN-apr2021.pdf

[26]. Liu YQ. Comparative study on life cycle costs of household new energy vehicles and fuel vehicles [dissertation]. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology; 2023. Chinese.

[27]. Feng Y. Research report on China's automotive low-carbon action plan (2021). Beijing: China Machine Press: Transportation; 2021. Chinese.

[28]. Mei XD. Comparative study on environmental impacts of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles [dissertation]. Tianjin University of Science and Technology; 2022 Jun. Chinese.

Cite this article

Wang,Y. (2025). Systematic Analysis and Comparison of Fuel Vehicles, Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles: A Take on the Suspension System. Applied and Computational Engineering,187,35-45.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Volume title: Proceedings of CONF-FMCE 2025 Symposium: Semantic Communication for Media Compression and Transmission

ISBN: 978-1-80590-393-2(Print) / 978-1-80590-394-9(Online)
Editor: Anil Fernando
Conference website: https://2025.conffmce.org/glasgow.html
Conference date: 24 October 2025
Series: Applied and Computational Engineering
Volume number: Vol.187
ISSN: 2755-2721(Print) / 2755-273X(Online)

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