Energy density and economic analysis of different hydrogen storage methods
Research Article
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Energy density and economic analysis of different hydrogen storage methods

Zixuan Feng 1*
1 Chongqing Nankai Liangjiang Secondary School
*Corresponding author: 784956707@qq.com
Published on 29 August 2025
Journal Cover
AEI Vol.16 Issue 8
ISSN (Print): 2977-3911
ISSN (Online): 2977-3903
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Abstract

As the importance of hydrogen energy in the global clean energy system becomes increasingly prominent, how to store hydrogen efficiently, safely and economically has become the core bottleneck restricting its large-scale application. This study takes three mainstream hydrogen storage methods, namely high-pressure hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen storage and solid-state hydrogen storage, as the research objects, and comprehensively compares their advantages and disadvantages in terms of energy density, safety and economy. Through systematic literature review and case analysis, the study finds that high-pressure hydrogen storage has a relatively high mass energy density and technical maturity, and is suitable for mobile transportation scenarios, but its volume efficiency is low and there is a risk of high-pressure leakage; liquid hydrogen storage has the highest volume energy density and is suitable for large-scale transportation, but the liquefaction process has high energy consumption and the equipment cost is expensive; solid-state hydrogen storage performs best in terms of safety and is particularly suitable for portable applications, but the hydrogen storage materials are expensive and the technology is not yet mature. Based on the above comparison, this study proposes suggestions for multi-scenario collaborative optimization and looks forward to the future development direction of hydrogen storage technology.

Keywords:

hydrogen energy, high-pressure hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen storage, solid-state hydrogen storage, energy density

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Feng,Z. (2025). Energy density and economic analysis of different hydrogen storage methods. Advances in Engineering Innovation,16(8),76-83.

References

[1]. Smith, J. M. (1950). Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics.Journal of Chemical Education, 27(10), 584.

[2]. Barron, R. F. (2007). Advances in cryogenic principles. In Cryogenic Engineering (pp. 105-119). New York, NY: Springer New York.

[3]. Sandrock, G. (1999). A panoramic overview of hydrogen storage alloys from a gas reaction point of view.Journal of alloys and compounds, 293, 877-888.

[4]. Schlesinger, H. I., Brown, H. C., Finholt, A. E., Gilbreath, J. R., Hoekstra, H. R., & Hyde, E. K. (1953). Sodium borohydride, its hydrolysis and its use as a reducing agent and in the generation of hydrogen1.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 75(1), 215-219.

[5]. Dillon, A. C. (1996). Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes.Nature, 386, 147.

[6]. Teichmann, D., Arlt, W., & Wasserscheid, P. (2012). Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers as an efficient vector for the transport and storage of renewable energy.International journal of hydrogen energy, 37(23), 18118-18132.

[7]. Züttel, A. (2004). Hydrogen storage methods.Naturwissenschaften, 91, 157-172.

[8]. Bossel, U. (2006). Does a hydrogen economy make sense?Proceedings of the IEEE, 94(10), 1826-1837.

[9]. Yamashita, A., Kondo, M., Goto, S., & Ogami, N. (2015). Development of high-pressure hydrogen storage system for the Toyota “Mirai” (No. 2015-01-1169). SAE Technical Paper.

[10]. Schlapbach, L., & Züttel, A. (2001). Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications.Nature, 414(6861), 353-358.

[11]. Ishikawa, K. (2019). Hydrogen energy supply chain from Australia to Japan. International CCS value chain developments panel. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

[12]. Zheng, C., Zhou, D., Feng, D., Ren, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Effect of Y content on the hydrogen storage properties of ball-milled Mg2. 4-xYxNi (x= 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) alloys.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 178, 111320.

[13]. Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., & Ding, Z. (2024). Research progress and application prospects of solid-state hydrogen storage technology.Molecules, 29(8), 1767.

[14]. Naquash, A., Agarwal, N., & Lee, M. (2024). A review on liquid hydrogen storage: current status, challenges and future directions.Sustainability, 16(18), 8270.

[15]. Naquash, A., Riaz, A., Qyyum, M. A., Kim, G., & Lee, M. (2022). Process knowledge inspired opportunistic approach for thermodynamically feasible and efficient design of hydrogen liquefaction process.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(68), 26583–26598. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.163

[16]. Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., & Ding, Z. (2024). Research progress and application prospects of solid-state hydrogen storage technology.Molecules, 29(8), 1767.

[17]. Klebanoff, L. (Ed.). (2012). Hydrogen storage technology: materials and applications. CRC Press. Knowledge inspired opportunistic approach for thermodynamically feasible and efficient design of hydrogen liquefaction process.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(68), 26583-26598.

References

[1]. Smith, J. M. (1950). Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics.Journal of Chemical Education, 27(10), 584.

[2]. Barron, R. F. (2007). Advances in cryogenic principles. In Cryogenic Engineering (pp. 105-119). New York, NY: Springer New York.

[3]. Sandrock, G. (1999). A panoramic overview of hydrogen storage alloys from a gas reaction point of view.Journal of alloys and compounds, 293, 877-888.

[4]. Schlesinger, H. I., Brown, H. C., Finholt, A. E., Gilbreath, J. R., Hoekstra, H. R., & Hyde, E. K. (1953). Sodium borohydride, its hydrolysis and its use as a reducing agent and in the generation of hydrogen1.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 75(1), 215-219.

[5]. Dillon, A. C. (1996). Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes.Nature, 386, 147.

[6]. Teichmann, D., Arlt, W., & Wasserscheid, P. (2012). Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers as an efficient vector for the transport and storage of renewable energy.International journal of hydrogen energy, 37(23), 18118-18132.

[7]. Züttel, A. (2004). Hydrogen storage methods.Naturwissenschaften, 91, 157-172.

[8]. Bossel, U. (2006). Does a hydrogen economy make sense?Proceedings of the IEEE, 94(10), 1826-1837.

[9]. Yamashita, A., Kondo, M., Goto, S., & Ogami, N. (2015). Development of high-pressure hydrogen storage system for the Toyota “Mirai” (No. 2015-01-1169). SAE Technical Paper.

[10]. Schlapbach, L., & Züttel, A. (2001). Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications.Nature, 414(6861), 353-358.

[11]. Ishikawa, K. (2019). Hydrogen energy supply chain from Australia to Japan. International CCS value chain developments panel. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

[12]. Zheng, C., Zhou, D., Feng, D., Ren, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Effect of Y content on the hydrogen storage properties of ball-milled Mg2. 4-xYxNi (x= 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) alloys.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 178, 111320.

[13]. Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., & Ding, Z. (2024). Research progress and application prospects of solid-state hydrogen storage technology.Molecules, 29(8), 1767.

[14]. Naquash, A., Agarwal, N., & Lee, M. (2024). A review on liquid hydrogen storage: current status, challenges and future directions.Sustainability, 16(18), 8270.

[15]. Naquash, A., Riaz, A., Qyyum, M. A., Kim, G., & Lee, M. (2022). Process knowledge inspired opportunistic approach for thermodynamically feasible and efficient design of hydrogen liquefaction process.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(68), 26583–26598. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.163

[16]. Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., & Ding, Z. (2024). Research progress and application prospects of solid-state hydrogen storage technology.Molecules, 29(8), 1767.

[17]. Klebanoff, L. (Ed.). (2012). Hydrogen storage technology: materials and applications. CRC Press. Knowledge inspired opportunistic approach for thermodynamically feasible and efficient design of hydrogen liquefaction process.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(68), 26583-26598.

Cite this article

Feng,Z. (2025). Energy density and economic analysis of different hydrogen storage methods. Advances in Engineering Innovation,16(8),76-83.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.

About volume

Journal: Advances in Engineering Innovation

Volume number: Vol.16
Issue number: Issue 8
ISSN: 2977-3903(Print) / 2977-3911(Online)

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